Showing posts with label HIV. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HIV. Show all posts

Monday, August 7, 2017

IDAA 2017 Snowbird UTAH - CME - Crucial Conversations with your patient: pain and cannabis - Dr. Mark Weiner

I really enjoyed Dr. Mark Weiner’s  presentation because it clearly delineated “cannabinoid research and treatment’ from the whole area of “medical marijuana”.  Marijuana is a 100 compounds in one with a wide diversity of response and much marketing these days of the ‘anecdotal evidence’ without consideration of the overall  science.   I’ve been prescribing for some years ‘medical marijuana’ and pharmaceutical “nabilone”  and the excellent ‘SATIVEX ”(Bayer)  buccal spray with considerable discrimination and concern.  It’s never a first line choice.  I have seen a lot more negative results than positives. Admittedly the occasional positive result is, like any success, a joy.
There is however a religious devotion especially among  the heavily addicted devotees to the ‘herbal’ treatments with a whole lot of religious claims of “panacea”.  There is  little consideration of cannabinoids as just another ‘medication’ to doctors like myself.
I’ve seen people respond to marijuana like I have to other treatments but it’s not a panacea.  There are also serious side effects.   It certainly was widely available and passed over in favour of the most successful modern treatments that have been associated with cures of epidemics, increased longevity and amazing cures of once deadly diseases.
I was commonly recommending marijuana for my patients with HIV and Aids when they developed anorexia. It was an excellent ‘adjunctive treatment’ but it wasn’t curative. Today being diagnosed with HIV is similar to being diagnosed with Diabetes. The life expectancy is shortened by perhaps 10 years.  When I first worked with HIV it was a deadly disease with few survivals and large death toll despite the ubiquity of marijuana.  Today the pharmaceutical companies and medical researchers have produced retrovirus medications in combinations that have caused the extraordinary successes in treatment of new cases. The latest of these treatments, Truvada, is truly a god send but I know some of the nutbars in the ‘medical marijuana cult’ would tell people not to take it because it is produced by their ‘devil god’ "Big Pharma”.  I can honestly say as a simple clinician it’s increasingly difficult to do my job with all the argumentative stoners with their overnight Google MD’s.  Now that Big Tobacco is backing Big Marijuana with Big Smoke Money at the public health level we know whatever tax benefits we see for politicians will be off loaded in increased suffering for patients and health care costs.
I have a head injury patient whose response to marijuana was truly remarkable. I had tried a wide variety of medications for his various symptoms before the trial of marijuana which had a profoundly beneficial response. Unfortunately clinically the majority of my head injured patients have been made worse by marijuana as it disrupts mood stability and motivation and interferes with memory and learning in these other cases.  I read the heavily funded marketing literature on marijuana and it reminds me of when Cocaine was said to be a ‘cure-all’ without addiction. Then Belushi died.
As a clinician, typical of my colleagues. I don’t care what works. I just want to see my patients get better and we welcome treatments. The paranoia associated with the ‘us and them’ crowds of ‘health food’ ‘pusher’s’ is difficult to tolerate.  Today’s marijauania is 30% THC compared to the 3 % THC of the highest grade marijuana of my college days. The dangers to developing brains of this high dosage compound and the longevity issue of using a potentially toxic substance over long periods is worth consideration.
I enjoyed Dr. Mark Weiner’s discussion  of  the effects of cannabinoids on the heart especially in elderly patients causing me to be better equipped to discuss the pros and cons of medical marijuana in the increasing numbers of retired patients who ask me about it’s use in various chronic diseases.
Some patients commonly in clinical practice try to pidgeon hole the doctor into an “either you are for or against marijuana’ categorizatio.  As a psychiatrist I’m well aware of this   ‘black and white thinking” and profiling  so common in paranoid disorders and drug abuse.”  I enjoyed how Dr. Mark Weiner side stepped this issue simply by presenting the clinical evidence. This is what we know. This is what we can say about the cost/benefit of this treatment for individuals.. It’s really no different than what we say when a person wants cosmetic surgery or some other medical treatment which isn’t ‘first line’ and might even be classified as ‘experimental’.  He was clear in presenting the ‘evidence’ and maintaining his comments in this realm. It was refreshing. I learned from his example.
(I reflected that a patient had told me that my dog who had his eye removed recently for glaucoma could have been saved with the cannabinoid oil this patient promotes.  Its been shown to be of some benefit in human glaucoma.  So feeling guilty that my dog had lost his sight in one eye I was willing to consider anything to help him keep his sight in the other eye.  His veterinarian ophthalmologist, Dr. King, hadn’t recommended cannabinoid but another medication which has been working very well in keeping the pressure down in his remaining eye.  I reviewed the veterinary research literature that evening and found that in fact marijuana had been researched and was contraindicated in dogs. Veterinary medicine is fascinating because a drug that can save a cat’s life can kill a dog.  They’ve been researching cannabinoids just as we have.  My patient is a religious nut about marijuana.   I definitely have prayed for my dog’s eyesight.  I have trusted  Dr. King whose treatment is working just fine.  I had a delightful dinner with Dr. Larry Cooper a San Diego Opthalmologist who was kind enough to share some stories of his successful surgical and medical cures of eye disease, being especially thankful for the gifts of modern medicine which have resulted in him being able to save a person’s sight or life.  I really don’t think he as a compassionate clinician would withhold any treatment but I expect that if I smoked a joint I could even imagine this wonderful mensch of a doctor could indeed be an evil operative of Big Pharma and Big Surgery. )
I enjoyed the lecture because it dealt with the science of today. Dr. Mark Weiner is simply one of the leading authorities and yet also broad minded. He does emphasize what the research says about cannabinoids and questions what is in a marijuana plant in general.  He’s a scientist and not a snake oil proponent. It was an interesting lecture from this perspective.  What we know. What we don’t know. What research says. What research doesn’t say.  I enjoyed that.  Great ideas.  I will make a point to follow him in future and consider adjusting my practice to take account of the insights that he provided.
 This is not a reflection of the overall lecture which was much more extensive. I’ve just selected certain slides and some ideas that were of interest to me. I wouldn’t want anyone to see this writing in any other light than this. I certainly will be attending more of his lectures if I can and would strongly recommend him as a presenter, communicator and scholar.















Saturday, December 21, 2013

Loss at Christmas

It's coming up Christmas.
I was woken from sleep at 3 am. Nightmares.  Again.  Wet pillow.  Tears.
I was reminded today of a woman who had the courage to refuse an abortion and how she was hounded for years after and abused terribly till she was no more.  Everyone who tried to support her was attacked viciously.  I feel I've come close to pure evil again and was strongly reminded of this today.
I found myself missing a lawyer friend, Dugald Christie. We sat in church and talked about God, love, ethics, morality, society on drives to the jail where he got  me doing pro bono work.  I was blessed to know him.  He was killed.
I learned of another patient who died today. HIV and drug addiction.  I talked with him of his whole life.  So many fine chapters in that blessed book. These last few pages were miserable and his death is a kind of blessing. I'll miss him.  Another patient hung himself earlier this fall. He'd been turned away from the hospital and refused services.  We did our best in the community but it wasn't good enough. We have no resources and we are punished for caring.  Our thinkings is wrong because we're not looking at things from the perspective of profit and these people simply aren't profitable.
There's more talk of euthanasia for the elderly.  Legalize marijauna, give them cake, have everyone stoned and it's Matrix and the Holocaust all over again but now we'll all be 'high' so it will be okay.
I feel so alone at times.
I miss my mother and father and aunt and grandparents.  They're dead and I'm old and it sometimes seems so sad.  I pick myself up and pray and pray. I meditate and I try to exercise. The pain gets to me more some days.  I'm blessed beyond belief but I grieve.
Loss is loss. There's no getting around it. I miss people who have gone.
I miss Jesus. I think of him being killed by Herod and Pontius Pilate and Peter being crucified upside down by Nero and stupidly I'm reading about William Wallace tortured and quartered by Edward Plantanget.  These are the real morality tales.
I should be reading about birds and flowers.  I think adults who have children have a buffer, they get to read all the fairytales over and over.  I miss the fairytales.
I don't have answers or solutions.  Mostly questions.  I dare not ask why anymore. Mostly I just ask, where?  'Where are you Jesus?'
The great lie of the secular world is that atheists are foisting the notion that theists are killers but the only religion of atheism is communism. Russian Communists killed 80 million people in very few years. Chinese Communists killed 120 million people. And I just came from Cambodia where Cambodian communists, the latest generation of atheist government, killed 3 million in record time, 4 years, more than a third of the countries population of 8 million.
I swore on a Bible today.  I liked that,  It felt good under my hand.  In a break I read psalms.  They were comforting as they always are.  Still I'm sad.  So very very very sad. But this too will pass. It's just a hiccup. I could take a drug, smoke some grass, have some wine, not 'feel', 'numb' myself out. I tried that years ago after the divorce, after being held hostage, the life threats and the deaths, so many, back then. HIV and suicide.  "Man up!!!"  "Shake yourself out of it."
I remember the shame and embarrassment I felt kneeling and crying in the hospital corridor when the boy died despite all I did to save his life. He died because he stopped taking the medication that was keeping him alive and here I am years later, still crazy after all these years, trying to stop people from taking drugs that are killing them.  Will I ever float down stream?
I sat with a colleague and felt his fear at the threat of being hounded in retirement. He's scared about the babies he delivered. He did his best. I know. He's the best doctor I know but we're not perfect and now there's so much money to be made by destruction. No one's into creation. It's out of vogue.  Bankers even bid on insurance against collective suicides they've engineered for power and greed and we're pawns in the insanity of politics.
I'd rather be in a storm at sea alone than in the crush of media hype hysteria. First they built enough bombs to kill us all a hundred times over then they were supposed to stop that and needed a whole bunch more money to clean up the mess they made and then some of that clean up didn't work and Syria has gassed its people and it's no long global but regional and we're supposed to make sense of it with all the false prophets and misinformation.
Trust me I'm a politician.  Trust me I'm a reporter. Trust me I'm a government representative. Trust me I'm a lawyer.  But if I say 'trust me, I'm a doctor', everyone thinks that's funny.  Weird and twisted humour this planet earth has.
I probably should walk the dog more along the river where I take pictures of the beautiful birds that live there year round.  I could lie on the beach.  I could sit a lot longer in Rome churches with the smell of incense and the place of worship.
I'm an ecumenicalist.  I believe that all spiritual seekers are on the same path.  I pray to the 'saints of all religion' and believe that Buddha, Mohammed, Moses, Jesus all were further along the path than their followers. I see these spiritual men walking out at the front where God is calling to his son and all his children, to come home.  And death is that home for me but I can't get there till I love this gift of life to it's fullest. And I don't feel I'm living life as lovingly or as meaningfully, gratefully or graciously as God would have me.
The irony is I'm as likely to meet Spongebob in the afterlife.  Divine Comedy is what it is.
I'm kind of slouching towards Bethlehem.  I've got way too much attitude. I'm dragging a whole lot of luggage that's negative and resentful and poor me.  I'm so full of lust, sloth, gluttony, greed, and downright stupidity that I can't feel the wings of eagles or be lifted up to my Lord in Heaven.  I'm a slug wallowing in the dirt, hiding in fear a lot when I should be a kid in sandbox throwing the dirt in the sky.
I want to dance without pain, sing without hoarseness, laugh till tears stream down my cheeks.
I want Jesus.
The basic story is God was born man and killed by man. What could be simpler as metaphor.  Now I have to believe that God resurrects.  There is life after life and life after death and my family who have died, my friends who have died and my patients who have died are still alive, not just in my memory but where I can meet them again, like long lost friends, like high school reunions and comings home from distant lands.
Mary was like my mom, like every mom and Jesus was like me, like every baby.  And they had friends and they suffered governments and taxes and intolerance and greed and the powers of this world.  I've lived twice as long as Jesus and my mom lived longer than Mary and all of us have been living this metaphor myth story in our own lives as the cosmic Christ is within all of us.  God is born. God died. God will come again.  The trinity of father, son and holy spirit.  The beginning middle and end, Parent, child, holy spirit. But it's not linear. It's stellar
Contemplating the Christmas story. Advent and the coming of the king.  The servant king.  The message that God is a lover.
I have no children but my brother shares the men he and his wife created with me.  They're fine men.  I was with a friend and his sons. They're fine men too. They're all moving into marriage and having families.
The cycles go on.
I delivered a hundred babies, stopped an epidemic or two on Indian villages, saved a dozen infants with meningitis from brain damage.  All those nights without sleep. All those terrible unknown diseases. Being held hostage. Being attacked, The deliriums and dementias and the teams of people, teachers and friends.  I've been blessed to be a healer among healers.
When I studied buddhism and was a disciple and yogi in my 20's I learned about right living.  I figured that what Jesus did was right living.  So becoming a healer was okay and it's been okay.  It's been good.
I'm not allowed to do that so much anymore.  I feel I've been hi jacked for other purposes.  I keep thinking of missionary work.  But then I like my things.  I 'm a fat cat yuppie who lacks any real compassion, self centered, self serving, complaining, whining, twittering and face booking with my luxury computer and luxury I phone communication devices, and designer clothes and glorious motorcycle and fast sports car.  I worry about losing this hard won hard earned bit of the Canadian dream.
But I've not had heat secure for weeks and the water hasn't been sure. Basics like electricity are never things I can take for granted in my world. This cold snap caught me off guard, fighting beurocrats with too much tax dollars and not enough real work and no real life experience to learn humility.  I've no house and the really rich think I'm rich but my riches are my dog and a fishing rod and rifle.  I 'm a survivalist.
I can live off the sea or off the land. I haven't had much faith in governments and stupid people in groups not to crucify the citizenry collectively and have us all nuked and having to defend ourselves individually from zombie groups of marauder gangs.  I fear the break down of civilization and yet I've prepared for just that eventuality.  Boy Scout motto, always be prepared.
The core fear is what Pascal described as the God shaped hole inside me.  I can't find the architect God in the wall of the building. I have to find the light within that is the source of the light without. Easy enough to say and easy enough to talk about.
But
But
I pray and meditate and meditating am distracted by a myriad of 'things' in that quiet time when I listen for the wee small voice of God.
I would know you more fully, more surely more really. Let me be like you Jesus. Let me know you but lets accept you did the cross bit and that was for all of us so I can get down off the cross, take the nails out of my hands and feet that I keep putting there and use the wood to build a house.
I loved the 150 year old St. Thomas church where Steven Bell sang and played guitar last month. Now there was some mighty fine wood.
Maybe I can sleep again. The little dog is sleeping beside me.  I pray I'll be with God in my dreams. I love when I dream of family and dogs and friends who have gone before. I love the dreams of meetings and especially love the old ladies.  I'm walking towards the light, Jonah like, stumbling and twirling and back stepping , getting swallowed by whales,  staggering, side stepping, sashaying, skipping, hopping and crawling.  Sometimes it's so slow and other times its way too fast.
Thank you God for hope. Still my fear and comfort me in the loss.  Thank you for these days to come and Christmas.  Hi Jesus,  baby God.  

Saturday, November 23, 2013

Imprisonment among opiate dependent patients on community based Medication Assisted Treatment - Norsiah Ali

IMG 1909IMG 1910
This study looked at the reduction in re offence after being on methadone. It also showed that Malays were 1.5 x less likely to be re imprisoned.  165 patients out of 18,000.
In this country if you are found to have positive urine you would be put in 2 year observation, not being put in prison, but need to report monthly at police office.  If you had a positive urine and were caught with another positive urine you'd be put into jail..  Those under observation are first time offenders. We were only doing random monthly urine in our population.
There was a significant improvement in quality of life and reduction of stealing and physical assault.
None in program sero converted.
 IMG 1912IMG 1913
In the Question and Answer period people who had attended the off site prison treatment program yesterday

Thursday, November 21, 2013

Does Opiate Substitution Treatment Reduce HIV Transmission -Michael Farrow - ISAM 2013 Kuala Lumpur

This was an excellent presentation. I took some pictures of a few of the slides but overall just enjoyed listening to this presentation.  This gives an overview of the kind of information available. I certainly encourage the actual reading of the relevant Cochrane reviews.  I didn't need to know about the benefit of OAT personally, but was impressed with the evidence supporting ART.
IMG 1810IMG 1812IMG 1813IMG 1814IMG 1815IMG 1818IMG 1819

Integrating HIV with Addiction Treatment in Community and Custodial Health Care Services - Adeeba Kamarulzaman - ISAM 2013 Kuala Lumpur


IMG 1661
IMG 1666
(These are my rough notes that hopefully will give an impression of the depth and breadth of the research and researchers work-W.Hay)
The co existence of HIV in iV drug users is as low as 10% in countries where approaches have been taken to address this early. In Malaysia theres as high as 50%.

IMG 1662
With HIV treatment TB is the cause for mortality.
Prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonaryTB among prisones is 12%  - we are instituting a tb screening program at entrance to the prisons.

HIV Epidemiologic Researahc on Outcomes (HERO) study
Longitudinal studying of HIV infection in drug users
Have high mortality.
HIV infected  IV users 7.5/1000
Unaffected IV users 1.5/1000


Modelling of combined and high coverage intervention to prevent HIV infection
Opiate agonist therapies reduce HIV
British Commbia Research Study presented showing benefit of giving retroviral therapy to those who use IV drugs
IMG 1663
IDU(intravenous drug users) - of those with HIV only 25% are receiving retroviral therapy
IDU's often present later in the course of their HIV infections
IDU's underrepresented
-Barriers to 'seek,test, treat, and retain'
requires active outreach and overcoming the stigma that surrounds substance abuse and HIV

Addictophobia - exaggerated fear, aversion, distrimation agains drug users
since the beginning of HIV idus have been villified
Apathy - to the suffering
Inattention to adolescent , street youth, women who inject drugs
Criminal Justice System -
Criminal Justice System in Malaysia
- prisoners 40,000 9137/100000
high prevalence of mental ill, mandatory HIV teasing 6% prevalence, methadone introduced in 2009 to 12 prisons, hybrid health care system (Ministry of Health and Justice System)
No form of HIV treatment in compulsory treatment

CDDC survey
2 of 6 HIV positive
80% of all HIV known by both programs
Fair proportion didn't know their HIV status.
Comprehensive care is being provided now in different Malaysian community
Project Harapan has been started to improve situation
Implementaltion Factors
-patient factors -tb related comorbidity, disclosure
-staff factors- clinician concerns, security concerns, repeated educational sessions
Institutional level - we've been fortunate the the 2 director generals for the last 5 years have been fully behind us, we have national task force, integrating criminal justice and public health, anti retroviral treatment not that available.
needle exchange has been done as well,


IMG 1664IMG 1667


IMG 1669

Saturday, September 28, 2013

A Call for Evidence Based Treatment (in Addiction)

A Call for Evidence Based Treatment

Dr. Bohdan Nosyk  bnosyk@sfu.ca

-health economist with a research focus on substance abuse and infectious disease

Presented at the Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC 2013. These are my rough notes which only give a jist of the wealth of information presented. Dr. Nosyk has contributed to many papers and his slides were excellent often taking graphs from the research he’d published elsewhere. I hope that these notes though will direct someone to where they might find information they are looking for as well as give some idea of the depth and breadth and controversies in this area.

key recommendations
eliminate financial barriers
increase acces to office based
reduce reliance on detox treatment
evaluate integrate new technologies
increase surveillance, evaluation of quality of care

Background Epidemiology
US 2.3 million with opioid dependence 
75-125,000 injection drugs users; 200,000 people with prescription opioid dependence
Opioid overdose second leading cause of accidental death in US - surpassed only by MVA
In ontario deaths related to PO doubled

Treatment Options
Methadone
Buprenorphine

Methadone still more effective and less costly than buprenorphine

Nosyk et al, Am J of Epidemiology 2009
Primary finding was that patients with multiple treatment tended over time to stay in treatment and morbidity and mortality
Tends to be a pattern of increasing length of time in treatment

Abstinence durations were longer folllowing sustatined treatemn versu incarceration.  Paitents with multiple abstience episodes tend to go onto abstinence

OST has been deemed highly cost effective if not cost saving
often the cost of tratemnt are more than offset by recuction in acquisitive crime and use of health resourcs realted to transmission of HIV or Hep C

Diacetylmorphine - NAOMI  - trial 
Nosyk et al, CMAJ 2012 
all the benefits were derived from the longer retentions and 85% , when they relapsed the crime went up and health went down

DAM cohorts - NAOMI cost-effectiveness
Nosyk et al CMAJ 2012

If you have ‘retention benefit’ to treatment you will be cost effective

Eliminating financial barriers to treatment
Canada - universal health care - medications covered to varying degrees - relaxing constraints on the availability, length of take-home doses could reduce costs to clients who pay for their own pharmacy services
Other benefits - increase access to clients in rural areas, allow patients who have demonstrated stability greater freedom to participate in family life and employment

Regulations in place to prevent diversion is the primary argument - ‘the argument is moot if it is only provided under direct observation in a pharmacy or clinic”
-given pharmacological properties, methadone is less subject to abuse and less desirable to other readily available opiates

Mortality due to methadone overdoses cited as another barrier - increases in overdose are largely from methadone prescriptions for pain,
Undue restrictions on prescribind medications counter production

Weekend training and methadone certification programs for GPs
Lower mainland, greater toronto - vast increases in access, indications of satisfied demand
but elsewhere - waiting lists from 2 weeks to 12 months , St. John 12 month, Montreal, 6 to 12 months, Manitoba 6-12 months, BC waitlists problems outside lower mainland

Availability of buprenorphine BP-NX and their inclusion in drug formularies - several provinces have allowed coverage under special authority
-good idea to allow as secondary option to Methadone

Opioid Detoxification
  • most people relapse after detoxification
  • alot of tapering and desire to taper
  • longer tapers have higher odds of success - 12 to 52 weeks versus 12 weeks)
  • 4x more likely to succeed
  • tapers taking more than a year 7x more likely

5% for week for tapering is clinical guideline

Best to decrease by stepped every 2 to 4 weeks

Extended vers Short term Buprenorphine - Naloxone for treatment of Opioid Addicted Youth
  • treatment was far better than taper

Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioidsL a systematic review 
  • people are more likely to die outside of treatment by 2.8 factor
  • Degenhard - Drug Alcohol Dependence 2009- 
  • Mortality among clients of a state wide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years  and lives saved

Analysis of OST outcomes in publicly funded clinicisn in Calirofornia 1991 to 2011
-total unique individuals 200,000 plus
-every time they reentered detox - likelihood of success decreased
-every contact with methadone maintenance program - tended to stay longer

Current emphasis on detoxification needs to be addressed
-clients desire unlikely to change
-practitioners should obtain and sign release showing they ahve been advised of risk

New developments
 Injectable morphine
injectable heroin

Buprenorphine Implants for Treatment of Opiod dependence
  • Rosenthal et AL, ADDICTION, 2013
  • - promising 

Naltrexone - was done in russia where methadone illegal
-high proportion of confirmed abstinence
-long acting antagonist - what do you do if your client in car accident with legitimate need for opiate

Need for data collection to improve quality of care

BC Pharmanet, Popdata BC - gold standard

6 patterns of dosing noted in research

Q&A
-difficulty of giving buprenorphine and methadone in aboriginal communities

Hepatitis C in Addiction

Hepatitis C in Addiction

Sept 28, 2013

Mark Hull MHSc FRCPC

Lecture given at the Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine, Vancouver, 2013
My poor rough notes just give a slice of the wealth of information presented by this cutting edge researcher, clinician and remarkably fine communicator. I trust this will help someone appreciate the depth and breadth of information available and the extraordinary work and advances being made.  

Hepatitis C Overview

HCV is a RNA virus
single strang Rna 3000 amino acid
North Amer - 1 a and 1 b dominant straints

Overlapping Global HCV and HIV
  • 8 million co infection
  • 33 mill HIV
  • 170 million Hep C

BC Chronic HCV rates
  • gradual decrease since 2002
  • increasing number of women
  • originally male
  • baby boomers with increased elderly

High Prevalance of HCV among PWID Worldwide
Injection drug users in canada make up 60% of HCV

HIV in BC PWID
VIDUS Youth   
CEDAR Youth/youth/young adults
Miller C CAn J. Public Health 2005
Spittal P BMC Public Health 2012

Risk for acquiring HCV rises dramatically after 2 years of IV drugs

Harm Reduction and HCV
-number of syringes - associated with decrease in HCV - free needle programs

Harm Reduction and HCV
effect of opiate subtitution treatment on HCV incident
-80% reduction in risk of HepC with OAT
Turn, K et al Addiction 2011

HCV Surveillance - Corrections Canada
Seroprevalence people entering jail fairly high compared to general population but very flat over years
 -about 30% - higher than community
-jail amplifier - New infections acquired in jail
-new infections with tattooing and Intravenous drug use

HCV prevalence by birth cohort in USA
-prevalence in baby boomer 5x higher than others 
-amstrong , G An. Int Med 2010
-most don’t know - may have got young and may have been victim of poor blood transfusion, or very young , or other ways

HCV Natural History
-75 to 85% patient develop chronic infection
20% develop cirrhosis after 20 years

Estimated reduction in morbity by birth cohort
-recommending routine screening if baby boomer - birth 1945 to 1955

Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study 2010
-Hep C the most burdensom infectious disease - loss of life and disability - HIV far less

Mortality in Canadian HIV/HCV Co Infection Cohort Study
-rate of death due to liver disease extremely high
-escallates liver disease
-Klein, M

Baseline Assessment
-All PWID (Persons with Injection Drug Use) should be screened for HCV 
-HCV antibody
-if negative, re screen every 6 months if still at risk
-if HCV Antibody positive
--HCV RNA PCR/genotype
--vacinate for Hepatitis A, B if non-immune
-pneumoccocal vacine
-alcohol cessation treatment

Staging of Liver Disease
-all patients should undergo staging of liver disease - cirrhosis - (clinical, laboratory, radiography)
Use of non invasive techniques - fibroscan (transient elastography 
alternative to Biopsy
Stebbing, J et al, J Clin Gastro 2010
biopsy is still used occasional

Evaluation of HCV treatment
Absolute contraindication to treatment
-pregnancy
Strong contraindication
  • active autoimmune
  • hepatic decompensation
Relative contraindication
-major depression
-major psychosis
-renal failure

Ideal study - Peg IFN alfa -2a vs Peg IFN alfa-2b 

Serious side effects
 -Neuropsychiatric symptons
20-30 % severe depression

Benefits of successful treatment
  • Van der mer, Jama 2012
  • all-cause mortality reduce- increases long term survival, regeneration of liver

Pegylated Interferon and ribavirine for genotype 2/3
24 weeks if RVR
48 week

Boceprevir - SPRINT2 overal SVR Rates - doubling of response
Telaprevir - 75% cure rate - revolutionary over last 2 years

These drugs also have this effect with those who have relapsed after previous response

There is a very minor subgroup of non responders that are still a tricky problem but hopefully will respond to new drugs.

Now responses to 6 month of treatment excellent

Integrate Models of Care
-Community based multidisciplinary team - grebel, Eur J Gastroenterology Hep

HIV treatment as prevention BC
Patients currently on HAART

HIV engagement in care
HCV Engagement in CAre 

Decreased mortality and morbidity
decrease sero prevalence
Hepatalogy - Martin, n et al 2013 -

Conclusions
PWID have high burden of HCV disease and should be screened routinely 
Treatment uptake is low among PWID
Use of HCV DAA’s have substantially altered treatentn paradigms and success rates will continue to improve
Treatment as PRevention models suggest populations level benefits to improved therapy 

Q&A Periods

1)System failing - British Columbia - restriction on treatment meaning that our patients aren’t being treated.
Reduces morbidity and mortality for individual but also stops spread at population level
Pharmacare is recognising fibroscan - it’s as acceptable as biopsy
Cost effectiveness of dx and treatment to health care system

  1. Viremia - clear and negative tests - might have negative test this month but negative 6 months - want 4 negative tests over 3 years q 6 months
  2. Fatty liver - first nations - seems almost all my patients have - aboriginal care giver gave - results in poorer response to treatment, mortality worsened, 
some treatment programs in us are treating metabolic syndrome as well as liver
4) lady with seizure disorder, socially unstable, on methadone, continues to inject cocaine and heroin - should I treat hep c early - or should I just continue to work at treatment of her addiction - if you waited a year unstable - and stabilize for this year then treat -

Sunday, June 17, 2012

Miracle Cure - the book

Harlan Coben has done it again. This intriguing  thriller is an extraordinary story of gay killings aimed to stop research into a new cure for AIDs.  Sara the beautiful television news reporter and her celebrity model sister Cassandra team up with Mike a basketabll hero in helping Harv their researcher doctor friend find out whose behind the rash of gory deaths.  The motive at first seems plain to Max Bernstein the pencil chewing New York detective  but as doctors and nurses die and healthy people go missing there's much more at stake.  Especially when the sleazy televangelist is raising money saying Aids is todays plague of Egypt.  Chemistry and sociology mix with Coben's endearing characterizations.  I couldn't put it down. But then I've read all of Coben's books.  He's a heavy hitter against anti semitism and any kind of discrimination that makes a person miss seeing the truly entertaining human in all of us.

Saturday, May 14, 2011

Reflections on 30 years of HIV - Lessons Learned - Allan Ronald MD -CMDS 2011

I was fortunate to have Dr. Ronald as my teacher in medical school.  He was one of the most favourite teachers then.  I remember the fear in the first days of HIV when it was an unknown disease and transmission uncertain.  Dr. Ronald was always courageous.  It's now so apparent that his Christian faith and walk were so much a part of his character and excellence.. It was a priviledge to hear Dr. Ronald again.  "I"m an internist, " he said. "All an internist has is pills and love." Dr. Ronald is a very humble man. In addition to the Order of Canada, this last week he received four awards of medical  excellence. CMDS awared him and his wife Myrna, the Doeksen award for Distinguished Christian Service for a Doctor and his or her partner. He seemed glad at last to share an award with his wife, Myrna. In accepting he didn't talk about himself but rather told a story of how Myrna had brought faith to a grieving scientist.
These are some of the notes I took from his slide and talk.  As one of the speakers said, there are medical 'giants' in the rooms of CMDS.  I so enjoy the annual meeting for the high calibre of CME that comes as part of the package. Working with infectious diseases and HIV in the addicted populations I treat I was thankful for this update.

Prostitutes rapidly infected (70% by 1986)  with subsequent spread to clients, wives, infants, - core populations hypothesis  (we have serum from prostitutes prior to 1980 and there is no HIV)
Not terribly infectious - 50% of couples where one is infected - haven’t transmitted after 12 months of marriage with unprotected sex
Concurrent STI’s particularly chancroid and HSV2 increase transmission by 3-8x (we published this in Lancet in late 80’s)  Epidemic can spread so quickly with chancroid.
Foreskin doubled chance of HIV.  50% uncircumcised with same risk behaviour
Recognition of 10% of prostitutes were ‘resistant’ to HIV despite long term sex with infected partners - began the major ongoing studies of a HIV vaccine led by Dr. Plummer.  (?If these sex workers leave and then some time later reenter sex trade a third of them develop the disease suggests  immune phenomena?)
Role of breast feeding in transmission  20% transmission.  (at least 50 to 55% don’t get infected )  We are treating these mothers during pregnancy and delivery so there is no detectable virus in breast milk.
Role of concurrency (15-25%) of men in transmission
Education, more income doesn’t reduce HIV - 9% of top quartile vers. 4% of lowest in Uganda  (this shows in Africa - AIDS makes people poor, poverty doesn’t make AIDS)
Training of 70 Kenyans with Masters or PHD
HIV Facts
HIV due to a virus that actually isn’t very infectious .3% chance of transmission penile vaginal sex act
2011 No Vaccine. No cure
An average of 8-9 years from infection until illness - then death for 80% within 2 years without HAART
HIV destroys the immune system; death occurs with TB, unusual infections , unusual tumors, HIV itself.
Since 1997 antiretroviarl treatmnet (can be one pill day) sustains life shortened by 10 years in Canada
Still expensive $15,000 a year, $500,000 a life time
Our Sexuality
Wonderful gift
Often not ‘logical’
Important but poorly understood biological drive
Rarely addressed effectively and Biblically within our Christian community
There is greater need for open discussion of sex

There was much more in the lecture. The question and answer period was especially helpful.  This is just a glimpse. Dr. Ronald said there are 50 things we know we should be doing about HIV.  We should always look to see if we're doing these 50 things and rate each item from A-F.
Asked by a colleague why he had done so much for the poor in Africa, he said, he thought about it and could only respond, "It was the right thing to do."
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